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Climate and clean energy

Votes on greenhouse-gas limits, vehicle and appliance efficiency standards, and the tax credits behind wind and solar.

Democratic side: Cutting greenhouse-gas emissions fasterRepublican side: Cheaper energy now and fewer federal mandates

13 of these 14 votes split the parties — 6 in the House and 7 in the Senate — and only those place anyone on the scale. Which end is which is read from the votes: it is the side most Democrats took on most of them.

John Kennedy on this value

Democratic side100 · Voted with Republicans almost every timeRepublican side
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0 of 7 party-split votes with the Democrats and 7 with the Republicans.

The 14 votes behind this value

Each was chosen by hand, and the sentence under it is the written reason for what a yea and a nay each did. Under that is how each party voted, which is where the two ends of the scale come from. Every one links to its full roll call, where you can see the question as the chamber put it and how every member voted.

  • S.J.Res. 188 · Senate · 119th Congress · Roll 794 · 2026-06-03 · 46–53 · Motion to Proceed Rejected

    The rule under review is itself a REPEAL of hazardous air pollutant standards for coal- and oil-fired utility boilers. Disapproving a repeal reinstates the standard, so here the yea is the side that keeps the limits -- the opposite of the usual direction on these resolutions.

    Democrats 44–0, Republicans 0–53. Most Democrats voted yea and most Republicans nay. John Kennedy voted nay — the Republican side.

  • S.J.Res. 107 · Senate · 119th Congress · Roll 729 · 2026-03-25 · 47–53 · Motion to Proceed Rejected

    S.J.Res. 107 disapproves the IRS construction-start guidance that implements the termination of the clean electricity production and investment credits for wind and solar. A yea blocks that wind-down.

    Democrats 45–0, Republicans 0–53. Most Democrats voted yea and most Republicans nay. John Kennedy voted nay — the Republican side.

  • H.R. 1 · Senate · 119th Congress · Roll 364 · 2025-07-01 · 47–53 · Amendment Rejected

    An amendment to H.R. 1 maintaining parity for wind and solar facilities under the tax code. A yea keeps the credits available on equal terms.

    Democrats 45–0, Republicans 0–53. Most Democrats voted yea and most Republicans nay. John Kennedy voted nay — the Republican side.

  • H.R. 1 · Senate · 119th Congress · Roll 360 · 2025-07-01 · 21–79 · Amendment Rejected

    An amendment to H.R. 1 ending the clean-electricity production and investment credits for wind and solar. A nay keeps the credits.

    Democrats 0–45, Republicans 21–32. Most of both parties voted nay, so this vote does not move anyone on the scale. John Kennedy voted yea.

  • H.J.Res. 87 · Senate · 119th Congress · Roll 279 · 2025-05-22 · 51–45 · Joint Resolution Passed

    H.J.Res. 87 withdraws the EPA waiver that lets California set heavy-duty engine emission standards stricter than the federal floor, which a dozen other states follow. A nay leaves the waiver in place.

    Democrats 0–43, Republicans 51–0. Most Democrats voted nay and most Republicans yea. John Kennedy voted yea — the Republican side.

  • H.J.Res. 75 · Senate · 119th Congress · Roll 228 · 2025-05-01 · 52–45 · Joint Resolution Passed

    H.J.Res. 75 strikes the Department of Energy's conservation standards for commercial refrigerators and freezers. A nay leaves the efficiency standards in force.

    Democrats 0–43, Republicans 52–0. Most Democrats voted nay and most Republicans yea. John Kennedy voted yea — the Republican side.

  • H.J.Res. 88 · House · 119th Congress · Roll 113 · 2025-05-01 · 246–164 · Passed

    H.J.Res. 88 withdraws the EPA waiver behind California's Advanced Clean Cars II programme, the state rule phasing in zero-emission car sales. A nay leaves the waiver in place.

    Democrats 35–164, Republicans 210–0. Most Democrats voted nay and most Republicans yea.

  • H.J.Res. 35 · Senate · 119th Congress · Roll 97 · 2025-02-27 · 52–47 · Joint Resolution Passed

    The Senate's vote on the same resolution as H.J.Res. 35 in the House. A nay leaves the methane fee standing.

    Democrats 0–45, Republicans 52–0. Most Democrats voted nay and most Republicans yea. John Kennedy voted yea — the Republican side.

  • H.J.Res. 35 · House · 119th Congress · Roll 51 · 2025-02-26 · 220–206 · Passed

    H.J.Res. 35 would strike the EPA's waste emissions charge, the fee charged on methane vented or leaked from petroleum and natural gas systems. A vote against the resolution leaves the fee in force.

    Democrats 6–205, Republicans 213–1. Most Democrats voted nay and most Republicans yea.

  • H.J.Res. 136 · House · 118th Congress · Roll 1156 · 2024-09-20 · 215–191 · Passed

    H.J.Res. 136 strikes the EPA's multi-pollutant emission standards for model year 2027 and later light- and medium-duty vehicles. A nay leaves the standards in force.

    Democrats 8–190, Republicans 207–1. Most Democrats voted nay and most Republicans yea.

  • S.J.Res. 61 · Senate · 118th Congress · Roll 473 · 2024-04-10 · 53–47 · Joint Resolution Passed

    S.J.Res. 61 strikes the Federal Highway Administration rule requiring states to measure and report greenhouse gas emissions from the national highway system. A nay keeps the measurement requirement.

    Democrats 2–45, Republicans 49–0. Most Democrats voted nay and most Republicans yea. John Kennedy voted yea — the Republican side.

  • H.R. 1023 · House · 118th Congress · Roll 822 · 2024-03-22 · 209–204 · Passed

    H.R. 1023 repeals section 134 of the Clean Air Act, the greenhouse gas reduction fund. A nay leaves the fund in place.

    Democrats 1–203, Republicans 208–1. Most Democrats voted nay and most Republicans yea.

  • H.Con.Res. 86 · House · 118th Congress · Roll 815 · 2024-03-21 · 222–196 · Passed

    H.Con.Res. 86 expresses the sense of Congress that a carbon tax would damage the United States economy -- a statement of position rather than a change in law. A nay declines to foreclose carbon pricing.

    Democrats 10–195, Republicans 212–1. Most Democrats voted nay and most Republicans yea.

  • S.J.Res. 14 · House · 117th Congress · Roll 184 · 2021-06-25 · 229–191 · Passed

    S.J.Res. 14 disapproves the EPA's 'Review' rule, which had rescinded methane standards for new and modified oil and gas sources. Because the rule being struck was itself a rollback, a yea RESTORES the limits.

    Democrats 217–0, Republicans 12–191. Most Democrats voted yea and most Republicans nay.

The method behind all 12 values, including what it deliberately does not measure.