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18 U.S.C. § 1831

Economic espionage

United States · Title 18 — CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE · Status: effective

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18 U.S.C. § 1831, Economic espionage, United States, version 1 as recorded 2026-07-09, yourstate.us, https://yourstate.us/provision/449373
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Full text

Whoever, intending or knowing that the offense will benefit any foreign government, foreign instrumentality, or foreign agent, knowingly—

Legislative history

The public laws that enacted or amended this section. Tallies are for the whole bill as it passed each chamber — often an omnibus covering far more than this provision — not a vote on this section alone.

  • Enacted byPub. L. 104-294(H.R. 3723)1996-10-11
    Economic Espionage Act of 1996
    House: no recorded tallySenate: no recorded tally
  • Amended byPub. L. 112-269(H.R. 6029)2013-01-14
    Foreign and Economic Espionage Penalty Enhancement Act of 2012
    House: no recorded tallySenate: no recorded tally