Cal. Civil Code § 1198
Cal. Civil Code § 1198
California · California Civil Code · Status: effective
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- Citation
- Cal. Civil Code § 1198, California, version 1 as recorded 2026-07-25, yourstate.us, https://yourstate.us/provision/786451
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Full text
The execution of an instrument may be established by proof of the handwriting of the party and of a subscribing witness, if there is one, in the following cases:
1. When the parties and all the subscribing witnesses are dead; or,
2. When the parties and all the subscribing witnesses are non-residents of the State; or,
3. When the place of their residence is unknown to the party desiring the proof, and cannot be ascertained by the exercise of due diligence; or,
4. When the subscribing witness conceals himself, or cannot be found by the officer by the exercise of due diligence in attempting to serve the subpoena or attachment; or,
5. In case of the continued failure or refusal of the witness to testify, for the space of one hour, after his appearance.